Agriculture is Virginia’s largest industry by many metrics. It also represents the largest source of nutrient and sediment pollution reaching Virginia’s local streams, rivers, and the Chesapeake Bay.¹ Fortunately, addressing these pollution loads offers an opportunity to improve the Commonwealth’s natural resources while also enhancing the positive economic impact of agriculture. The Virginia Agricultural Cost Share Program (VACS) funds the implementation of a wide suite of agricultural practices that reduce pollution while enhancing farm productivity. Despite Virginia’s recent increases in this program, demand far exceeds available funding.

The Chesapeake Bay Watershed Implementation Plan (WIP) and the 2020 Virginia General Assembly (HB1422/SB704) set a distinct timeline for farmers to protect their streams and the Bay by installing voluntary conservation practices on their lands. To meet our Bay goals by 2025, Virginia expects 75% of the remaining nitrogen pollution reductions to come from agriculture.² To date, however, the number of conservation practices installed on Virginia farmland falls far short of the pace planned for and needed. Without sufficient financial and technical support from a fully-funded VACS to assist the agriculture sector in their critical role in reducing nutrient and sediment pollution to the Chesapeake Bay, the timeline will not be met.

To meet our Bay goals by 2025, Virginia expects 75% of the remaining nitrogen pollution reductions to come from agriculture.

The Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation administers VACS through the Soil and Water Conservation Board and Virginia’s 47 Soil and Water Conservation Districts. The Districts’ experienced staff assists farmers and landowners to identify opportunities to improve local water quality and prevent pollution from reaching Virginia’s waterways, provides technical assistance in implementing best management practices (BMPs), and helps to offset the cost of installing the practices.³ These BMPs include stream fencing and alternative water sources to keep livestock out of streams; nutrient management plans that help farmers decide when and how to apply fertilizers; riparian grass and forested buffers to filter nutrient and sediment from runoff; conservation tillage and cover crops to keep soils on farms; and, many other practices essential to protecting Virginia’s streams, lakes, rivers, and bays. Historically, Virginia’s funding for VACS and associated technical assistance has fluctuated significantly from year to year but has always fallen far below the state’s documented need.

Every other year, the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation—working with farmers, the Soil and Water Conservation Districts, and other stakeholders—compiles an Agricultural Needs Assessment detailing how much investment is needed for agricultural BMPs. The most recent assessment shows that, in order to maximize benefits to local and downstream waterways and Virginia communities, VACS should be funded at no less than $100 million per year.⁴ Strong, sustained funding at the level identified in the Agricultural Needs Assessment will facilitate a faster pace of progress, improve water quality, and invest in agricultural economies both in and beyond the Chesapeake Bay Watershed.

Investments in agricultural BMPs improve water quality, create local jobs, and deliver economic benefits for rural communities. Livestock exclusion from streams prevents calf losses and improves herd health.⁵ Increased efficiency of nutrient application reduces fertilizer loss while improving crop yield. Conservation tillage, cover crops, rotational grazing, and other practices further improve soil health and productivity.⁶ Reducing agricultural runoff will also improve the well-being of local communities that benefit from cleaner, healthier streams and waterways through safe drinking water, outdoor recreation, and enhanced tourism opportunities.

It is important that these investments in agricultural BMPs are equitably reaching historically underserved communities like farmers of color. As recently noted by the Virginia Soil and Water Conservation Board, the allocation of funding for the VACS program should address Diversity, Equity, Inclusion and Justice concerns, and the state should follow through with this directive.⁷

1 2025 Watershed Implementation Plans (WIPs), Chesapeake Progress (accessed June 30, 2020), https://www.chesapeakeprogress.com/clean-water/watershed-implementation-plans.

2 Northam, Ralph, and Matthew Strickler. Chesapeake Bay TMDL Phase III Watershed Implementation Plan. Commonwealth of Virginia (August 23, 2019) https://www.deq.virginia.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/4481/637469262077670000.

3 Virginia’s Agricultural Cost Share Manual. Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation (May 2021), http://consapps.dcr.virginia.gov/htdocs/agbmpman/agbmptoc.htm.

4 FY 2020 Chesapeake Bay and Virginia Waters Clean-Up Plan, Secretary of Natural Resources (November 2020), https://rga.lis.virginia.gov/Published/2020/ RD498/PDF.

5 R. Zeckoski, B. Benham, and C. Lunsford. Streamside Livestock Exclusion: A Tool for Increasing Farm Income and Improving Water Quality, Biological Systems Engineering and Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. (Sept. 2007, revised Dec. 2012), https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstream/ handle/10919/48073/442-766_pdf.pdf.

6 Marcio Renato Nunes et al., No-till and Cropping System Diversification Improve Soil Health and Crop Yield, 328 Geoderma 30 (October 15, 2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.04.031.

7 Virginia Soil and Water Conservation Board Electronic Meeting, Virginia Soil and Water Conservation Board (May 20, 2021). https://townhall.virginia.gov/l/GetFile.cfm?File=Meeting.